Author, Article and Disclosure Information
Funding: None.
Conflict of Interest: Author reports no financial relationships or interests to disclose.
Authorship: Author is entirely responsible for the content of this manuscript.
Requests for reprint should be addressed to Southern California Journal of Medicine at permissions@socaljmed.org
REFERENCES
1. Caini, S., Gandini, S., Dudas, M., Bremer, V., Severi, E., & Gherasim, A. (2014). Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiology, 38(4), 329-338. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002 [doi]
2. Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M. M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., & Forman, D. (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 61(2), 69-90. doi:10.3322/caac.20107 [doi]
3. Baade, P. D., Youlden, D. R., & Krnjacki, L. J. (2009). International epidemiology of prostate cancer: Geographical distribution and secular trends. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 53(2), 171-184. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700511 [doi]
4. Plata Bello, A., & Concepcion Masip, T. (2014). Prostate cancer epidemiology. Archivos Espanoles De Urologia, 67(5), 373-382.
5. Rochira, V., Zirilli, L., Orlando, G., Santi, D., Brigante, G., Diazzi, C., . . . Guaraldi, G. (2011). Premature decline of serum total testosterone in HIV-infected men in the HAART-era. PloS One, 6(12), e28512. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028512 [doi]
6. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. (1992). MMWR.Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control, 41(RR-17), 1-19.
7. Albini, L., Calabresi, A., Gotti, D., Ferraresi, A., Festa, A., Donato, F., . . . Quiros-Roldan, E. (2013). Burden of non-AIDS-defining and non-virus-related cancers among HIV-infected patients in the combined antiretroviral therapy era. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 29(8), 1097-1104. doi:10.1089/AID.2012.0321 [doi].
8. Murphy, A. B., et al. "Are HIV-Infected Men Vulnerable to Prostate Cancer Treatment Disparities?" Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention: a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 23.10 (2014): 2009-18.
9. Siegel, R., Naishadham, D., & Jemal, A. (2013). Cancer statistics, 2013. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 63(1), 11-30. doi:10.3322/caac.21166 [doi]
10. Altekruse SF, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Waldron W, Ruhl J, Howlader N, Tatalocich Z, Cho H, Mariotto A, Eisner MP, Lewis DR, Cronin K, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Stinchcomb DG, Edwards BK (2010) SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2007. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
11. Merrill, R. M., Feuer, E. J., Warren, J. L., Schussler, N., & Stephenson, R. A. (1999). Role of transurethral resection of the prostate in population-based prostate cancer incidence rates. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150(8), 848-860.
12. Potosky, A. L., Miller, B. A., Albertsen, P. C., & Kramer, B. S. (1995). The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer. JAMA, 273(7), 548-552.
13. Catalona, W. J., Smith, D. S., Ratliff, T. L., Dodds, K. M., Coplen, D. E., Yuan, J. J., . . . Andriole, G. L. (1991). Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 324(17), 1156-1161. doi:10.1056/NEJM199104253241702 [doi]
14. Crawford ED, DeAntoni EP, Etzioni R et al (1996) Serum prostate- specific antigen and digital rectal examination for early detection of prostate cancer in a national community-based program. The prostate cancer education council. Urology 47:863–869
15. Boyle, P. (2003). Screening for prostate cancer: Have you had your cholesterol measured? BJU International, 92(3), 191-199. doi:4306 [pii]
16. Kunz, I., Musch, M., Roggenbuck, U., Klevecka, V., & Kroepfl, D. (2013). Tumour characteristics, oncological and functional outcomes in patients aged >/= 70 years undergoing radical prostatectomy. BJU International, 111(3 Pt B), E24-9. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11368.x [doi]
17. Siegel, R., Naishadham, D., & Jemal, A. (2013). Cancer statistics, 2013. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 63(1), 11-30. doi:10.3322/caac.21166 [doi]
18. Zeliadt, S. B., Ramsey, S. D., Penson, D. F., Hall, I. J., Ekwueme, D. U., Stroud, L., & Lee, J. W. (2006). Why do men choose one treatment over another?: A review of patient decision making for localized prostate cancer. Cancer, 106(9), 1865-1874. doi:10.1002/cncr.21822 [doi]
19. Moses Kelvin A, Paciorek Alan T, Penson David F, Carroll Peter R, Master Viraj A. Impact of race, comorbidities, perception of general health and risk classification on the type of treatment in men with PCa: CaPSURE data. Journal of Urology.2009;181(4)
20. Richert-Boe, K. E., Weinmann, S., Shapiro, J. A., Rybicki, B. A., Enger, S. M., Van Den Eeden, S. K., & Weiss, N. S. (2008). Racial differences in treatment of early-stage prostate cancer. Urology, 71(6), 1172-1176. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2007.10.010 [doi]
21. Mullins, C. D., Onukwugha, E., Bikov, K., Seal, B., & Hussain, A. (2010). Health disparities in staging of SEER-medicare prostate cancer patients in the united states. Urology, 76(3), 566-572. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2009.10.061 [doi]
22. Narod, S. A., Dupont, A., Cusan, L., Diamond, P., Gomez, J. L., Suburu, R., & Labrie, F. (1995). The impact of family history on early detection of prostate cancer. Nature Medicine, 1(2), 99-101.
23. Monroe, K. R., Yu, M. C., Kolonel, L. N., Coetzee, G. A., Wilkens, L. R., Ross, R. K., & Henderson, B. E. (1995). Evidence of an X-linked or recessive genetic component to prostate cancer risk. Nature Medicine, 1(8), 827-829
24. Steinberg, G. D., Carter, B. S., Beaty, T. H., Childs, B., & Walsh, P. C. (1990). Family history and the risk of prostate cancer. The Prostate, 17(4), 337-347.
25. Carter, B. S., Beaty, T. H., Steinberg, G. D., Childs, B., & Walsh, P. C. (1992). Mendelian inheritance of familial prostate cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89(8), 3367-3371.
26. Carter, B. S., Bova, G. S., Beaty, T. H., Steinberg, G. D., Childs, B., Isaacs, W. B., & Walsh, P. C. (1993). Hereditary prostate cancer: Epidemiologic and clinical features. The Journal of Urology, 150(3), 797-802.
27. Gronberg, H., Damber, L., & Damber, J. E. (1994). Studies of genetic factors in prostate cancer in a twin population. The Journal of Urology, 152(5 Pt 1), 1484-7; discussion 1487-9.
28. Ahlbom, A., Lichtenstein, P., Malmstrom, H., Feychting, M., Hemminki, K., & Pedersen, N. L. (1997). Cancer in twins: Genetic and nongenetic familial risk factors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 89(4), 287-293.
29. Page, W. F., Braun, M. M., Partin, A. W., Caporaso, N., & Walsh, P. (1997). Heredity and prostate cancer: A study of world war II veteran twins. The Prostate, 33(4), 240-245. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19971201)33:4<240::AID-PROS3>3.0.CO;2-L [pii]
30. Cohen, J. H., Kristal, A. R., & Stanford, J. L. (2000). Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(1), 61-68.
31. Nelson, W. G., DeWeese, T. L., & DeMarzo, A. M. (2002). The diet, prostate inflammation, and the development of prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Reviews, 21(1), 3-16.
32. Giovannucci, E., Rimm, E. B., Liu, Y., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (2002). A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(5), 391-398.
33. De Marzo, A. M., Platz, E. A., Sutcliffe, S., Xu, J., Gronberg, H., Drake, C. G., . . . Nelson, W. G. (2007). Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis. Nature Reviews.Cancer, 7(4), 256-269. doi:nrc2090 [pii]
34. Sutcliffe, S., Giovannucci, E., De Marzo, A. M., Leitzmann, M. F., Willett, W. C., & Platz, E. A. (2006). Gonorrhea, syphilis, clinical prostatitis, and the risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 15(11), 2160-2166. doi:15/11/2160 [pii]
35. Poletti, F., Medici, M. C., Alinovi, A., Menozzi, M. G., Sacchini, P., Stagni, G., . . . Benoldi, D. (1985). Isolation of chlamydia trachomatis from the prostatic cells in patients affected by nonacute abacterial prostatitis. The Journal of Urology, 134(4), 691-693.
36. Krieger, J. N., Riley, D. E., Vesella, R. L., Miner, D. C., Ross, S. O., & Lange, P. H. (2000). Bacterial dna sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer and chronic prostatitis. The Journal of Urology, 164(4), 1221-1228. doi:S0022-5347(05)67145-5 [pii]
37. Hochreiter, W. W., Duncan, J. L., & Schaeffer, A. J. (2000). Evaluation of the bacterial flora of the prostate using a 16S rRNA gene based polymerase chain reaction. The Journal of Urology, 163(1), 127-130. doi:S0022-5347(05)67987-6 [pii]
38. Elkahwaji, J. E., Zhong, W., Hopkins, W. J., & Bushman, W. (2007). Chronic bacterial infection and inflammation incite reactive hyperplasia in a mouse model of chronic prostatitis. The Prostate, 67(1), 14-21. doi:10.1002/pros.20445 [doi]
39. Shiels, M. S., Pfeiffer, R. M., Gail, M. H., Hall, H. I., Li, J., Chaturvedi, A. K., . . . Engels, E. A. (2011). Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the united states. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 103(9), 753-762. doi:10.1093/jnci/djr076 [doi]
40. Engels, E. A., Biggar, R. J., Hall, H. I., Cross, H., Crutchfield, A., Finch, J. L., . . . Goedert, J. J. (2008). Cancer risk in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the united states. International Journal of Cancer.Journal International Du Cancer, 123(1), 187-194. doi:10.1002/ijc.23487 [doi]
41. Bratt, O., Kristoffersson, U., Lundgren, R., & Olsson, H. (1999). Familial and hereditary prostate cancer in southern sweden. A population-based case-control study. European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 35(2), 272-277. doi:S095980499800358X [pii]
42. Lijovic, M., & Frauman, A. G. (2003). Toward an understanding of the molecular genetics of prostate cancer progression. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : Official Organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer, 22(1), 1-15.
43. Karan, D., Lin, M. F., Johansson, S. L., & Batra, S. K. (2003). Current status of the molecular genetics of human prostatic adenocarcinomas. International Journal of Cancer.Journal International Du Cancer, 103(3), 285-293. doi:10.1002/ijc.10813 [doi]
44. De Marzo, A. M., DeWeese, T. L., Platz, E. A., Meeker, A. K., Nakayama, M., Epstein, J. I., . . . Nelson, W. G. (2004). Pathological and molecular mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis: Implications for diagnosis, detection, prevention, and treatment. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 91(3), 459-477. doi:10.1002/jcb.10747 [doi]
45. Jenkins, R. B., Qian, J., Lieber, M. M., & Bostwick, D. G. (1997). Detection of c-myc oncogene amplification and chromosomal anomalies in metastatic prostatic carcinoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Research, 57(3), 524-531.
46. Konishi, N., Shimada, K., Ishida, E., & Nakamura, M. (2005). Molecular pathology of prostate cancer. Pathology International, 55(9), 531-539. doi:PIN1865 [pii]
47. Rhim, J. S. (2001). Molecular and genetic mechanisms of prostate cancer. Radiation Research, 155(1 Pt 2), 128-132.
48. Sanchez, K. M., Sweeney, C. J., Mass, R., Koch, M. O., Eckert, G. J., Geary, W. A., . . . Cheng, L. (2002). Evaluation of HER-2/neu expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma: A requested for a standardized, organ specific methodology. Cancer, 95(8), 1650-1655. doi:10.1002/cncr.10839 [doi]
49. Stattin, P., Damber, J. E., Karlberg, L., Nordgren, H., & Bergh, A. (1996). Bcl-2 immunoreactivity in prostate tumorigenesis in relation to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, grade, hormonal status, metastatic growth and survival. Urological Research, 24(5), 257-264.
50. Matlaga, B. R., Eskew, L. A., & McCullough, D. L. (2003). Prostate biopsy: Indications and technique. The Journal of Urology, 169(1), 12-19. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000041828.84343.53 [doi]
51. Afshar-Oromieh, A., Haberkorn, U., Schlemmer, H. P., Fenchel, M., Eder, M., Eisenhut, M., . . . Rothke, M. (2014). Comparison of PET/CT and PET/MRI hybrid systems using a 68Ga-labelled PSMA ligand for the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer: Initial experience. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 41(5), 887-897. doi:10.1007/s00259-013-2660-z [doi]
52. Afshar-Oromieh, A., Zechmann, C. M., Malcher, A., Eder, M., Eisenhut, M., Linhart, H. G., . . . Haberkorn, U. (2014). Comparison of PET imaging with a (68)ga-labelled PSMA ligand and (18)F-choline-based PET/CT for the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 41(1), 11-20. doi:10.1007/s00259-013-2525-5 [doi]
53. Afshar-Oromieh, A., Haberkorn, U., Eder, M., Eisenhut, M., & Zechmann, C. M. (2012). 68Ga]gallium-labelled PSMA ligand as superior PET tracer for the diagnosis of prostate cancer: Comparison with 18F-FECH. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 39(6), 1085-1086. doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2069-0 [doi]
54. Matlaga, B. R., Eskew, L. A., & McCullough, D. L. (2003). Prostate biopsy: Indications and technique. The Journal of Urology, 169(1), 12-19. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000041828.84343.53 [doi]
55. Bryant, R. J., Cross, N. A., Eaton, C. L., Hamdy, F. C., & Cunliffe, V. T. (2007). EZH2 promotes proliferation and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. The Prostate, 67(5), 547-556. doi:10.1002/pros.20550 [doi]
56. Wu, H. H., Lapkus, O., & Corbin, M. (2004). Comparison of 34betaE12 and P63 in 100 consecutive prostate carcinoma diagnosed by needle biopsies. Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology : AIMM / Official Publication of the Society for Applied Immunohistochemistry, 12(4), 285-289. doi:00129039-200412000-00001 [pii]
57. Hameed, O., & Humphrey, P. A. (2005). Immunohistochemistry in diagnostic surgical pathology of the prostate. Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology, 22(1), 88-104.
58. Lerner, S. E., Blute, M. L., Bergstralh, E. J., Bostwick, D. G., Eickholt, J. T., & Zincke, H. (1996). Analysis of risk factors for progression in patients with pathologically confined prostate cancers after radical retropubic prostatectomy. The Journal of Urology, 156(1), 137-143. doi:S0022-5347(01)65967-6 [pii]
59. Epstein, J. I., Partin, A. W., Sauvageot, J., & Walsh, P. C. (1996). Prediction of progression following radical prostatectomy. A multivariate analysis of 721 men with long-term follow-up. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 20(3), 286-292.
60. Green, G. A., Hanlon, A. L., Al-Saleem, T., & Hanks, G. E. (1998). A gleason score of 7 predicts a worse outcome for prostate carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy. Cancer, 83(5), 971-976. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<971::AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-R [pii]
61. Flaig, T. W., Nordeen, S. K., Lucia, M. S., Harrison, G. S., & Glode, L. M. (2007). Conference report and review: Current status of biomarkers potentially associated with prostate cancer outcomes. The Journal of Urology, 177(4), 1229-1237. doi:S0022-5347(06)03066-7 [pii]
62. Bryant, R. J., Cross, N. A., Eaton, C. L., Hamdy, F. C., & Cunliffe, V. T. (2007). EZH2 promotes proliferation and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. The Prostate, 67(5), 547-556. doi:10.1002/pros.20550 [doi]
63. Wu, H. H., Lapkus, O., & Corbin, M. (2004). Comparison of 34betaE12 and P63 in 100 consecutive prostate carcinoma diagnosed by needle biopsies. Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology : AIMM / Official Publication of the Society for Applied Immunohistochemistry, 12(4), 285-289. doi:00129039-200412000-00001 [pii]
64. Hameed, O., & Humphrey, P. A. (2005). Immunohistochemistry in diagnostic surgical pathology of the prostate. Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology, 22(1), 88-104.
65. Herawi, M., & Epstein, J. I. (2007). Immunohistochemical antibody cocktail staining (p63/HMWCK/AMACR) of ductal adenocarcinoma and gleason pattern 4 cribriform and noncribriform acinar adenocarcinomas of the prostate. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 31(6), 889-894. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000213447.16526.7f [doi]
66. Bellezza, I., Bracarda, S., Caserta, C., & Minelli, A. (2006). Targeting of EGFR tyrosine kinase by ZD1839 ("iressa") in androgen-responsive prostate cancer in vitro. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 88(2), 114-122. doi:S1096-7192(06)00007-2 [pii]
67. Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Gail MH, et al. Cancer burden in the HIV-infected popu-lation in the United States. Journal of National Cancer Institute 2011;103(9):753-762.
68. Engels EA, Biggar RJ, Hall HI, et al. Cancer risk in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States. International Journal of Cancer. 2008;123(1):187-194
69. National Cancer Institute. Collecting and Studying Tissue Samples From Patients With HIV-Associated Malignancies. http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/view ?cdrid=729843&version=HealthProfessional. Accessed on February 11, 2014.
70. Wistuba, I. I., Behrens, C., & Gazdar, A. F. (1999). Pathogenesis of non-AIDS-defining cancers: A review. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 13(7), 415-426.
71. Boucher, N., Dufeu-Duchesne, T., Vicaut, E., Farge, D., Effros, R. B., & Schachter, F. (1998). CD28 expression in T cell aging and human longevity. Experimental Gerontology, 33(3), 267-282. doi:S0531-5565(97)00132-0 [pii]
72. Effros, R. B., Fletcher, C. V., Gebo, K., Halter, J. B., Hazzard, W. R., Horne, F. M., . . . High, K. P. (2008). Aging and infectious diseases: Workshop on HIV infection and aging: What is known and future research directions. Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 47(4), 542-553. doi:10.1086/590150 [doi]
73. Rickabaugh, T. M., Kilpatrick, R. D., Hultin, L. E., Hultin, P. M., Hausner, M. A., Sugar, C. A., . . . Jamieson, B. D. (2011). The dual impact of HIV-1 infection and aging on naive CD4 T-cells: Additive and distinct patterns of impairment. PloS One, 6(1), e16459. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016459 [doi]
74. Crum-Cianflone, N., Hullsiek, K. H., Marconi, V., Weintrob, A., Ganesan, A., Barthel, R. V., . . . Wegner, S. (2009). Trends in the incidence of cancers among HIV-infected persons and the impact of antiretroviral therapy: A 20-year cohort study. AIDS (London, England), 23(1), 41-50. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328317cc2d [doi]
75. Llibre, J. M., Falco, V., Tural, C., Negredo, E., Pineda, J. A., Munoz, J., . . . Clotet, B. (2009). The changing face of HIV/AIDS in treated patients. Current HIV Research, 7(4), 365-377.
76. Boyle, P., & Brawley, O. W. (2009). Prostate cancer: Current evidence weighs against population screening. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 59(4), 220-224. doi:10.3322/caac.20025 [doi]
77. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2005). Health disparities experienced by black or african americans--united states. MMWR.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 54(1), 1-3. doi:mm5401a1 [pii]
78. Cohen, M. S. (2004). HIV and sexually transmitted diseases: Lethal synergy. Topics in HIV Medicine : A Publication of the International AIDS Society, USA, 12(4), 104-107.
79. Galvin, S. R., & Cohen, M. S. (2004). The role of sexually transmitted diseases in HIV transmission. Nature Reviews.Microbiology, 2(1), 33-42. doi:10.1038/nrmicro794 [doi]
80. McCree, Donna Hubbard., Jones, Kenneth T.O'Leary, Ann. (Eds.) (2010) African Americans and HIV/AIDSunderstanding and addressing the epidemic New York : Springer.
81. Hessol, N. A., Pipkin, S., Schwarcz, S., Cress, R. D., Bacchetti, P., & Scheer, S. (2007). The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on non-AIDS-defining cancers among adults with AIDS. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165(10), 1143-1153. doi:kwm017 [pii]
82. Biggar, R. J., Kirby, K. A., Atkinson, J., McNeel, T. S., Engels, E., & AIDS Cancer Match Study Group. (2004). Cancer risk in elderly persons with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 36(3), 861-868. doi:00126334-200407010-00014 [pii]
83. Frisch, M., Biggar, R. J., Engels, E. A., Goedert, J. J., & AIDS-Cancer Match Registry Study Group. (2001). Association of cancer with AIDS-related immunosuppression in adults. Jama, 285(13), 1736-1745. doi:joc01537 [pii]
84. Grulich, A. E., Li, Y., McDonald, A., Correll, P. K., Law, M. G., & Kaldor, J. M. (2002). Rates of non-AIDS-defining cancers in people with HIV infection before and after AIDS diagnosis. AIDS (London, England), 16(8), 1155-1161.
85. Allardice, G. M., Hole, D. J., Brewster, D. H., Boyd, J., & Goldberg, D. J. (2003). Incidence of malignant neoplasms among HIV-infected persons in scotland. British Journal of Cancer, 89(3), 505-507. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601139 [doi]
86. Dal Maso, L., Franceschi, S., Polesel, J., Braga, C., Piselli, P., Crocetti, E., . . . Cancer and AIDS Registy Linkage Study. (2003). Risk of cancer in persons with AIDS in italy, 1985-1998. British Journal of Cancer, 89(1), 94-100. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601017 [doi]
87. International Collaboration on HIV and Cancer. (2000). Highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of cancer in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(22), 1823-1830.
88. R Hoffman, R. M., Harlan, L. C., Klabunde, C. N., Gilliland, F. D., Stephenson, R. A., Hunt, W. C., & Potosky, A. L. (2003). Racial differences in initial treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. results from the prostate cancer outcomes study. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18(10), 845-853. doi:21105 [pii]
89. Fowler, J. E.,Jr, Bigler, S. A., Bowman, G., & Kilambi, N. K. (2000). Race and cause specific survival with prostate cancer: Influence of clinical stage, gleason score, age and treatment. The Journal of Urology, 163(1), 137-142. doi:S0022-5347(05)67989-X [pii]
90. Denberg, T. D., Beaty, B. L., Kim, F. J., & Steiner, J. F. (2005). Marriage and ethnicity predict treatment in localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer, 103(9), 1819-1825. doi:10.1002/cncr.20982 [doi]
91. Underwood, W.,3rd, Jackson, J., Wei, J. T., Dunn, R., Baker, E., Demonner, S., & Wood, D. P. (2005). Racial treatment trends in localized/regional prostate carcinoma: 1992-1999. Cancer, 103(3), 538-545. doi:10.1002/cncr.20796 [doi]
92. Steginga, S. K., Occhipinti, S., Gardiner, R. A., Yaxley, J., & Heathcote, P. (2002). Making decisions about treatment for localized prostate cancer. BJU International, 89(3), 255-260. doi:2603 [pii]
93. Zeliadt, S. B., Ramsey, S. D., Penson, D. F., Hall, I. J., Ekwueme, D. U., Stroud, L., & Lee, J. W. (2006). Why do men choose one treatment over another?: A review of patient decision making for localized prostate cancer. Cancer, 106(9), 1865-1874. doi:10.1002/cncr.21822 [doi]
94. Hallfors, D. D., Iritani, B. J., Miller, W. C., & Bauer, D. J. (2007). Sexual and drug behavior patterns and HIV and STD racial disparities: The need for new directions. American Journal of Public Health, 97(1), 125-132. doi:AJPH.2005.075747 [pii]
95. Chicago Department of Public Health. HIV/STI Surveillance Report, 2013. Chicago, IL: City of Chicago; December 2013.
96. Kleinmann, N., Zaorsky, N. G., Showalter, T. N., Gomella, L. G., Lallas, C. D., & Trabulsi, E. J. (2012). The effect of ethnicity and sexual preference on prostate-cancer-related quality of life. Nature Reviews.Urology, 9(5), 258-265. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.56 [doi]
97. Thompson, M. A., Aberg, J. A., Hoy, J. F., Telenti, A., Benson, C., Cahn, P., . . . Volberding, P. A. (2012). Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2012 recommendations of the international antiviral society-USA panel. Jama, 308(4), 387-402. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.7961 [doi]
98. Wyl, V., Gianella, S., Fischer, M., Niederoest, B., Kuster, H., Battegay, M., . . . Swiss HIV Cohort Study-SHCS. (2011). Early antiretroviral therapy during primary HIV-1 infection results in a transient reduction of the viral setpoint upon treatment interruption. PloS One, 6(11), e27463. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027463 [doi]
99. Hocqueloux, L., Avettand-Fenoel, V., Jacquot, S., Prazuck, T., Legac, E., Melard, A., . . . AC32 (Coordinated Action on HIV Reservoirs) of the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hepatites Virales (ANRS). (2013). Long-term antiretroviral therapy initiated during primary HIV-1 infection is key to achieving both low HIV reservoirs and normal T cell counts. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 68(5), 1169-1178. doi:10.1093/jac/dks533 [doi]
100. Le Le, T., Wright, E. J., Smith, D. M., He, W., Catano, G., Okulicz, J. F., . . . Ahuja, S. K. (2013). Enhanced CD4+ T-cell recovery with earlier HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(3), 218-230. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110187 [doi]
101. Walmsley, S. L., Antela, A., Clumeck, N., Duiculescu, D., Eberhard, A., Gutierrez, F., . . . SINGLE Investigators. (2013). Dolutegravir plus abacavir-lamivudine for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. The New England Journal of Medicine, 369(19), 1807-1818. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1215541 [doi]
102. Raffi, F., Rachlis, A., Stellbrink, H. J., Hardy, W. D., Torti, C., Orkin, C., . . . SPRING-2 Study Group. (2013). Once-daily dolutegravir versus raltegravir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection: 48 week results from the randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority SPRING-2 study. Lancet (London, England), 381(9868), 735-743. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61853-4 [doi]
103. Raffi, F., Jaeger, H., Quiros-Roldan, E., Albrecht, H., Belonosova, E., Gatell, J. M., . . . extended SPRING-2 Study Group. (2013). Once-daily dolutegravir versus twice-daily raltegravir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (SPRING-2 study): 96 week results from a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet.Infectious Diseases, 13(11), 927-935. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70257-3 [doi]
104. Elzi, L., Erb, S., Furrer, H., Ledergerber, B., Cavassini, M., Hirschel, B., . . . Swiss HIV Cohort Study. (2012). Choice of initial combination antiretroviral therapy in individuals with HIV infection: Determinants and outcomes. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(17), 1313-1321. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3216 [doi]
105. World Health Organization. The strategic use of antiretrovirals to help end the HIVepidemic.http://www.who.int.ezproxy.rush.edu/hiv/pub/arv/strategic_use/en/. Accessed March 24, 2014.
106. Walensky, R. P., Sax, P. E., Nakamura, Y. M., Weinstein, M. C., Pei, P. P., Freedberg, K. A., . . . Schackman, B. R. (2013). Economic savings versus health losses: The cost-effectiveness of generic antiretroviral therapy in the united states. Annals of Internal Medicine, 158(2), 84-92. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-2-201301150-00002 [doi]
107. Kwan, D. J., & Lowe, F. C. (1995). Genitourinary manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Urology, 45(1), 13-27.
108. Dobs, A. S. (1998). Androgen therapy in AIDS wasting. Bailliere's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12(3), 379-390.
109. Hengge, U. R. (2003). Testosterone replacement for hypogonadism: Clinical findings and best practices. The AIDS Reader, 13(12 Suppl), S15-21.
110. Clifford, G. M., Polesel, J., Rickenbach, M., Dal Maso, L., Keiser, O., Kofler, A., . . . Swiss HIV Cohort. (2005). Cancer risk in the swiss HIV cohort study: Associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97(6), 425-432. doi:97/6/425 [pii]
111. Patel, P., Hanson, D. L., Sullivan, P. S., Novak, R. M., Moorman, A. C., Tong, T. C., . . . Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Project and HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. (2008). Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the united states, 1992-2003. Annals of Internal Medicine, 148(10), 728-736. doi:148/10/728 [pii]
112. Crum-Cianflone, N., Hullsiek, K. H., Marconi, V., Weintrob, A., Ganesan, A., Barthel, R. V., . . . Wegner, S. (2009). Trends in the incidence of cancers among HIV-infected persons and the impact of antiretroviral therapy: A 20-year cohort study. AIDS (London, England), 23(1), 41-50. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328317cc2d [doi]
113. Thio, C. L., Seaberg, E. C., Skolasky, R.,Jr, Phair, J., Visscher, B., Munoz, A., . . . Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. (2002). HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the multicenter cohort study (MACS). Lancet (London, England), 360(9349), 1921-1926. doi:S0140673602119131 [pii]
114. Bodsworth, N. J., Cooper, D. A., & Donovan, B. (1991). The influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the development of the hepatitis B virus carrier state. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 163(5), 1138-1140.
115. Cheruvu, S., Marks, K., & Talal, A. H. (2007). Understanding the pathogenesis and management of hepatitis B/HIV and hepatitis B/hepatitis C virus coinfection. Clinics in Liver Disease, 11(4), 917-43, ix-x. doi:S1089-3261(07)00087-6 [pii]
116. Filippini, P., Coppola, N., Pisapia, R., Martini, S., Marrocco, C., Di Martino, F., . . . Sagnelli, E. (2007). Virological and clinical aspects of HBV-HCV coinfection in HIV positive patients. Journal of Medical Virology, 79(11), 1679-1685. doi:10.1002/jmv.20992 [doi]
117. Eskild, A., Magnus, P., Petersen, G., Sohlberg, C., Jensen, F., Kittelsen, P., & Skaug, K. (1992). Hepatitis B antibodies in HIV-infected homosexual men are associated with more rapid progression to AIDS. AIDS (London, England), 6(6), 571-574.
118. Horvath, J., & Raffanti, S. P. (1994). Clinical aspects of the interactions between human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatotropic viruses. Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 18(3), 339-347
119. Dobs, A. S., Dempsey, M. A., Ladenson, P. W., & Polk, B. F. (1988). Endocrine disorders in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The American Journal of Medicine, 84(3 Pt 2), 611-616.
120. Rietschel, P., Corcoran, C., Stanley, T., Basgoz, N., Klibanski, A., & Grinspoon, S. (2000). Prevalence of hypogonadism among men with weight loss related to human immunodeficiency virus infection who were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 31(5), 1240-1244. doi:CID994171 [pii]
121. Villette, J. M., Bourin, P., Doinel, C., Mansour, I., Fiet, J., Boudou, P., . . . Levi, F. (1990). Circadian variations in plasma levels of hypophyseal, adrenocortical and testicular hormones in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 70(3), 572-577. doi:10.1210/jcem-70-3-572 [doi]
122. Grinspoon, S., Corcoran, C., Lee, K., Burrows, B., Hubbard, J., Katznelson, L., . . . Klibanski, A. (1996). Loss of lean body and muscle mass correlates with androgen levels in hypogonadal men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and wasting. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81(11), 4051-4058. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.11.8923860 [doi]
123. Cicero, T. J. (1980). Effects of exogenous and endogenous opiates on the hypothalamic--pituitary--gonadal axis in the male. Federation Proceedings, 39(8), 2551-2554.
124. Calof, O. M., Singh, A. B., Lee, M. L., Kenny, A. M., Urban, R. J., Tenover, J. L., & Bhasin, S. (2005). Adverse events associated with testosterone replacement in middle-aged and older men: A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. The Journals of Gerontology.Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(11), 1451-1457. doi:60/11/1451 [pii]
125. Kaplan, A. L., & Hu, J. C. (2013). Use of testosterone replacement therapy in the united states and its effect on subsequent prostate cancer outcomes. Urology, 82(2), 321-326. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2013.03.049 [doi]
126. Brondolo, E., Brady Ver Halen, N., Pencille, M., Beatty, D., & Contrada, R. J. (2009). Coping with racism: A selective review of the literature and a theoretical and methodological critique. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32(1), 64-88. doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9193-0 [doi]
127. Harrell, J. P., Hall, S., & Taliaferro, J. (2003). Physiological responses to racism and discrimination: An assessment of the evidence. American Journal of Public Health, 93(2), 243-248.
128. Suneja, G., Shiels, M. S., Melville, S. K., Williams, M. A., Rengan, R., & Engels, E. A. (2013). Disparities in the treatment and outcomes of lung cancer among HIV-infected individuals. AIDS (London, England), 27(3), 459-468. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835ad56e [doi]
129. Kolb, B., Wallace, A. M., Hill, D., & Royce, M. (2006). Disparities in cancer care among racial and ethnic minorities. Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.), 20(10), 1256-61; discussion 1261, 1265, 1268-70. doi:164420 [pii]
130. D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, D. G. Altman,. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(10), 1006-1012. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 [doi]
131. Hessol, N. A., Pipkin, S., Schwarcz, S., Cress, R. D., Bacchetti, P., & Scheer, S. (2007). The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on non-AIDS-defining cancers among adults with AIDS. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165(10), 1143-1153. doi:kwm017 [pii]
132. Frisch, M., Biggar, R. J., Engels, E. A., Goedert, J. J., & AIDS-Cancer Match Registry Study Group. (2001). Association of cancer with AIDS-related immunosuppression in adults. Jama, 285(13), 1736-1745. doi:joc01537 [pii]
133. Dal Maso, L., Franceschi, S., Polesel, J., Braga, C., Piselli, P., Crocetti, E., . . . Cancer and AIDS Registy Linkage Study. (2003). Risk of cancer in persons with AIDS in italy, 1985-1998. British Journal of Cancer, 89(1), 94-100. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601017 [doi]
134. Clifford, G. M., Polesel, J., Rickenbach, M., Dal Maso, L., Keiser, O., Kofler, A., . . . Swiss HIV Cohort. (2005). Cancer risk in the swiss HIV cohort study: Associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97(6), 425-432. doi:97/6/425 [pii]
135. Silverberg, M. J., Neuhaus, J., Bower, M., Gey, D., Hatzakis, A., Henry, K., . . . Abrams, D. I. (2007). Risk of cancers during interrupted antiretroviral therapy in the SMART study. AIDS (London, England), 21(14), 1957-1963. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282ed6338 [doi]
136. Newnham, A., Harris, J., Evans, H. S., Evans, B. G., & Moller, H. (2005). The risk of cancer in HIV-infected people in southeast england: A cohort study. British Journal of Cancer, 92(1), 194-200. doi:6602273 [pii]
137. Engels, E. A., Pfeiffer, R. M., Goedert, J. J., Virgo, P., McNeel, T. S., Scoppa, S. M., . . . HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Study. (2006). Trends in cancer risk among people with AIDS in the united states 1980-2002. AIDS (London, England), 20(12), 1645-1654. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000238411.75324.59 [doi]
138. Patel, P., Hanson, D. L., Sullivan, P. S., Novak, R. M., Moorman, A. C., Tong, T. C., . . . Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Project and HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. (2008). Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the united states, 1992-2003. Annals of Internal Medicine, 148(10), 728-736. doi:148/10/728 [pii]
139. Yanik, E. L., Napravnik, S., Cole, S. R., Achenbach, C. J., Gopal, S., Olshan, A., . . . Eron, J. J. (2013). Incidence and timing of cancer in HIV-infected individuals following initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 57(5), 756-764. doi:10.1093/cid/cit369 [doi]
140. Calabresi, A., Ferraresi, A., Festa, A., Scarcella, C., Donato, F., Vassallo, F., . . . Brescia HIV Cancer Study Group. (2013). Incidence of AIDS-defining cancers and virus-related and non-virus-related non-AIDS-defining cancers among HIV-infected patients compared with the general population in a large health district of northern italy, 1999-2009. HIV Medicine, 14(8), 481-490. doi:10.1111/hiv.12034 [doi]
141. Shiels, M. S., Goedert, J. J., Moore, R. D., Platz, E. A., & Engels, E. A. (2010). Reduced risk of prostate cancer in U.S. men with AIDS. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 19(11), 2910-2915. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0741 [doi]
142. van Leeuwen, M. T., Vajdic, C. M., Middleton, M. G., McDonald, A. M., Law, M., Kaldor, J. M., & Grulich, A. E. (2009). Continuing declines in some but not all HIV-associated cancers in australia after widespread use of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS (London, England), 23(16), 2183-2190. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328331d384 [doi]
143. Seaberg, E. C., Wiley, D., Martinez-Maza, O., Chmiel, J. S., Kingsley, L., Tang, Y., . . . Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). (2010). Cancer incidence in the multicenter AIDS cohort study before and during the HAART era: 1984 to 2007. Cancer, 116(23), 5507-5516. doi:10.1002/cncr.25530 [doi]
144. Bedimo, R. J., McGinnis, K. A., Dunlap, M., Rodriguez-Barradas, M. C., & Justice, A. C. (2009). Incidence of non-AIDS-defining malignancies in HIV-infected versus noninfected patients in the HAART era: Impact of immunosuppression. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 52(2), 203-208. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181b033ab [doi]
145. Silverberg, M. J., Chao, C., Leyden, W. A., Xu, L., Horberg, M. A., Klein, D., . . . Abrams, D. I. (2011). HIV infection, immunodeficiency, viral replication, and the risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 20(12), 2551-2559. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0777 [doi]
146. Silverberg, M. J., Chao, C., Leyden, W. A., Xu, L., Horberg, M. A., Klein, D., . . . Abrams, D. I. (2011). HIV infection, immunodeficiency, viral replication, and the risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 20(12), 2551-2559. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0777 [doi]
147. Crum-Cianflone, N., Hullsiek, K. H., Marconi, V., Weintrob, A., Ganesan, A., Barthel, R. V., . . . Wegner, S. (2009). Trends in the incidence of cancers among HIV-infected persons and the impact of antiretroviral therapy: A 20-year cohort study. AIDS (London, England), 23(1), 41-50. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328317cc2d [doi]
148. Long, J. L., Engels, E. A., Moore, R. D., & Gebo, K. A. (2008). Incidence and outcomes of malignancy in the HAART era in an urban cohort of HIV-infected individuals. AIDS (London, England), 22(4), 489-496. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f47082 [doi]
149. Akarolo-Anthony, S. N., Maso, L. D., Igbinoba, F., Mbulaiteye, S. M., & Adebamowo, C. A. (2014). Cancer burden among HIV-positive persons in nigeria: Preliminary findings from the nigerian AIDS-cancer match study. Infectious Agents and Cancer, 9(1), 1-9378-9-1. doi:10.1186/1750-9378-9-1 [doi]
150. Franceschi, S., Lise, M., Clifford, G. M., Rickenbach, M., Levi, F., Maspoli, M., . . . Swiss HIV Cohort Study. (2010). Changing patterns of cancer incidence in the early- and late-HAART periods: The swiss HIV cohort study. British Journal of Cancer, 103(3), 416-422. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605756 [doi]
151. Sterne, J. A., Egger, M., & Smith, G. D. (2001). Systematic reviews in health care: Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 323(7304), 101-105.
152. Gunthard, H. F., Aberg, J. A., Eron, J. J., Hoy, J. F., Telenti, A., Benson, C. A., . . . International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. (2014). Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2014 recommendations of the international antiviral society-USA panel. Jama, 312(4), 410-425. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.8722 [doi]
153. Yeni, P. G., Hammer, S. M., Carpenter, C. C., Cooper, D. A., Fischl, M. A., Gatell, J. M., . . . Volberding, P. A. (2002). Antiretroviral treatment for adult HIV infection in 2002: Updated recommendations of the international AIDS society-USA panel. Jama, 288(2), 222-235. doi:jst20002 [pii]
154. Robbins, G. K., De Gruttola, V., Shafer, R. W., Smeaton, L. M., Snyder, S. W., Pettinelli, C., . . . AIDS Clinical Trials Group 384 Team. (2003). Comparison of sequential three-drug regimens as initial therapy for HIV-1 infection. The New England Journal of Medicine, 349(24), 2293-2303. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030264 [doi]
155. Shafer, R. W., Smeaton, L. M., Robbins, G. K., De Gruttola, V., Snyder, S. W., D'Aquila, R. T., . . . AIDS Clinical Trials Group 384 Team. (2003). Comparison of four-drug regimens and pairs of sequential three-drug regimens as initial therapy for HIV-1 infection. The New England Journal of Medicine, 349(24), 2304-2315. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030265 [doi]
156. Staszewski, S., Morales-Ramirez, J., Tashima, K. T., Rachlis, A., Skiest, D., Stanford, J., . . . Ruiz, N. M. (1999). Efavirenz plus zidovudine and lamivudine, efavirenz plus indinavir, and indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults. study 006 team. The New England Journal of Medicine, 341(25), 1865-1873. doi:10.1056/NEJM199912163412501 [doi]
157. Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Tungyai P. et al. Exposure to intrapartum single-dose nevirapine and subsequent maternal 6-month response to NNRTI-based regimens. In: 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 8-11, 2004; San Francisco, California Abstract 41LB.
158. Mellors J, Palmer S, Nissley D. et al. Low-frequency NNRTI-resistant variants contribute to failure of efavirenz-containing regimens. In: 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 8-11, 2004; San Francisco, Calif. Abstract 39
159. Sax, P. E. (2013). Editorial commentary: Can we break the habit of routine CD4 monitoring in HIV care? Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 56(9), 1344-1346. doi:10.1093/cid/cit008 [doi]
160. Bonner, K., Mezochow, A., Roberts, T., Ford, N., & Cohn, J. (2013). Viral load monitoring as a tool to reinforce adherence: A systematic review. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 64(1), 74-78. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31829f05ac [doi]
161. Gale, H. B., Gitterman, S. R., Hoffman, H. J., Gordin, F. M., Benator, D. A., Labriola, A. M., & Kan, V. L. (2013). Is frequent CD4+ T-lymphocyte count monitoring necessary for persons with counts >=300 cells/muL and HIV-1 suppression? Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 56(9), 1340-1343. doi:10.1093/cid/cit004 [doi]
162. Whitlock, G. G., Ahmed, N., Benn, P., Edwards, S., & Waters, L. (2013). Stop routine CD4 monitoring in HIV-infected patients with fully suppressed virus and CD4 >=350 cells/ml. Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 57(2), 327-328. doi:10.1093/cid/cit203 [doi]
163. Hyle, E. P., Sax, P. E., & Walensky, R. P. (2013). Potential savings by reduced CD4 monitoring in stable patients with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy. JAMA Internal Medicine, 173(18), 1746-1748. doi:1731963 [pii]
164. Swenson, L. C., Cobb, B., Geretti, A. M., Harrigan, P. R., Poljak, M., Seguin-Devaux, C., . . . International Viral Load Assay Collaboration. (2014). Comparative performances of HIV-1 RNA load assays at low viral load levels: Results of an international collaboration. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 52(2), 517-523. doi:10.1128/JCM.02461-13 [doi]
165. Ruelle, J., Debaisieux, L., Vancutsem, E., De Bel, A., Delforge, M. L., Pierard, D., & Goubau, P. (2012). HIV-1 low-level viraemia assessed with 3 commercial real-time PCR assays show high variability. BMC Infectious Diseases, 12, 100. doi:1471-2334-12-100 [pii]
166. Li, J. Z., Gallien, S., Ribaudo, H., Heisey, A., Bangsberg, D. R., & Kuritzkes, D. R. (2014). Incomplete adherence to antiretroviral therapy is associated with higher levels of residual HIV-1 viremia. AIDS (London, England), 28(2), 181-186. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000123 [doi]
167. Thompson, M. A., Aberg, J. A., Hoy, J. F., Telenti, A., Benson, C., Cahn, P., . . . Volberding, P. A. (2012). Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2012 recommendations of the international antiviral society-USA panel. Jama, 308(4), 387-402. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.7961 [doi]
168. Kulkarni R, Abram ME, Rhee MS, et al. Week 144 resistance analyses of the phase 3 EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF studies. Top Antiviral Medications.2014;22(e1):288
169. Hill, A., McBride, A., Sawyer, A. W., Clumeck, N., & Gupta, R. K. (2013). Resistance at virological failure using boosted protease inhibitors versus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as first-line antiretroviral therapy--implications for sustained efficacy of ART in resource-limited settings. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 207 Suppl 2, S78-84. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit112 [doi]
170. Scherrer, A. U., Boni, J., Yerly, S., Klimkait, T., Aubert, V., Furrer, H., . . . Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). (2012). Long-lasting protection of activity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors (PIs) by boosted PI containing regimens. PloS One, 7(11), e50307. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050307 [doi]
171. Ajose, O., Mookerjee, S., Mills, E. J., Boulle, A., & Ford, N. (2012). Treatment outcomes of patients on second-line antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS (London, England), 26(8), 929-938. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328351f5b2 [doi]
172. Boyd MA, Kumarasamy N, Moore CL, et al; SECOND-LINE Study Group. Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir plus nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir plus raltegravir for treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults with virological failure of a standard first-line ART regimen (SECOND-LINE): a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority study. Lancet. 2013;381(9883):2091-2099.
173. Paton N, Kityo C, Hoppe A, et al. A pragmatic randomised controlled strategy trial of three second-line treatment options for use in public health rollout programme settings: the Europe-Africa Research Network for Evaluation of Second-line Therapy (EARNEST) Trial. Presented at: 7th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; June 30-July 3, 2013. Abstract WELBB02.
174. Sension M, Cahn P, Domingo P, et al. Subgroup analysis of virological response rates with once- and twice-daily darunavir/ritonavir in treatment-experienced patients without darunavir resistance-associated mutations in the ODIN trial. HIV Med. 2013;14(7):437-444.
175. Hicks, C. B., Cahn, P., Cooper, D. A., Walmsley, S. L., Katlama, C., Clotet, B., . . . RESIST investigator group. (2006). Durable efficacy of tipranavir-ritonavir in combination with an optimised background regimen of antiretroviral drugs for treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients at 48 weeks in the randomized evaluation of strategic intervention in multi-drug reSistant patients with tipranavir (RESIST) studies: An analysis of combined data from two randomised open-label trials. Lancet (London, England), 368(9534), 466-475. doi:S0140-6736(06)69154-X [pii]
176. Trottier, B., Di Perri, G., Madruga, J. V., Peeters, M., Vingerhoets, J., Picchio, G., & Woodfall, B. J. (2010). Impact of the background regimen on virologic response to etravirine: Pooled 48-week analysis of DUET-1 and -2. HIV Clinical Trials, 11(4), 175-185. doi:10.1310/hct1104-175 [doi]
177. Katlama C, Haubrich R, Lalezari J, et al; DUET-1, DUET-2 study groups. Efficacy and safety of etravirine in treatment-experienced, HIV-1 patients: pooled 48 week analysis of two randomized, controlled trials. AIDS. 2009;23(17):2289-2300.
178. Vingerhoets, J., Tambuyzer, L., Azijn, H., Hoogstoel, A., Nijs, S., Peeters, M., . . . Picchio, G. (2010). Resistance profile of etravirine: Combined analysis of baseline genotypic and phenotypic data from the randomized, controlled phase III clinical studies. AIDS (London, England), 24(4), 503-514. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833677ac [doi]
179. Zolopa, A. R., Berger, D. S., Lampiris, H., Zhong, L., Chuck, S. L., Enejosa, J. V., . . . Cheng, A. K. (2010). Activity of elvitegravir, a once-daily integrase inhibitor, against resistant HIV type 1: Results of a phase 2, randomized, controlled, dose-ranging clinical trial. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 201(6), 814-822. doi:10.1086/650698 [doi]
180. Molina, J. M., Lamarca, A., Andrade-Villanueva, J., Clotet, B., Clumeck, N., Liu, Y. P., . . . Study 145 Team. (2012). Efficacy and safety of once daily elvitegravir versus twice daily raltegravir in treatment-experienced patients with HIV-1 receiving a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor: Randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority study. The Lancet.Infectious Diseases, 12(1), 27-35. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70249-3 [doi]
181. Cahn, P., Pozniak, A. L., Mingrone, H., Shuldyakov, A., Brites, C., Andrade-Villanueva, J. F., . . . extended SAILING Study Team. (2013). Dolutegravir versus raltegravir in antiretroviral-experienced, integrase-inhibitor-naive adults with HIV: Week 48 results from the randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority SAILING study. Lancet (London, England), 382(9893), 700-708. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61221-0 [doi]
182. Eron, J. J., Clotet, B., Durant, J., Katlama, C., Kumar, P., Lazzarin, A., . . . VIKING Study Group. (2013). Safety and efficacy of dolutegravir in treatment-experienced subjects with raltegravir-resistant HIV type 1 infection: 24-week results of the VIKING study. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 207(5), 740-748. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis750 [doi]
183. Castagna, A., Maggiolo, F., Penco, G., Wright, D., Mills, A., Grossberg, R., . . . VIKING-3 Study Group. (2014). Dolutegravir in antiretroviral-experienced patients with raltegravir- and/or elvitegravir-resistant HIV-1: 24-week results of the phase III VIKING-3 study. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 210(3), 354-362. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu051 [doi]
184. Hardy, W. D., Gulick, R. M., Mayer, H., Fatkenheuer, G., Nelson, M., Heera, J., . . . Goodrich, J. (2010). Two-year safety and virologic efficacy of maraviroc in treatment-experienced patients with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection: 96-week combined analysis of MOTIVATE 1 and 2. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 55(5), 558-564. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181ee3d82 [doi]
185. Tashima K, Smeaton L, Andrade A, et al. Omitting NRTI from ARV regimens is not inferior to adding NRTI in treatment-experienced HIV+ subjects failing a protease inhibitor regimen: the ACTG OPTIONS study. Presented at: 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; March 3-6, 2013; Atlanta, GA.
186. Wohl, D. A., Bhatti, L., Small, C. B., Edelstein, H., Zhao, H. H., Margolis, D. A., . . . Shaefer, M. S. (2014). Simplification to abacavir/lamivudine + atazanavir maintains viral suppression and improves bone and renal biomarkers in ASSURE, a randomized, open label, non-inferiority trial. PloS One, 9(5), e96187. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096187 [doi]
187. Masia, M., Martinez, E., Padilla, S., Gatell, J. M., & Gutierrez, F. (2013). Endothelial function in HIV-infected patients switching from a boosted protease inhibitor-based regimen to raltegravir: A substudy of the SPIRAL study. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 68(2), 409-413. doi:10.1093/jac/dks412 [doi]
188. Curran, A., Martinez, E., Saumoy, M., del Rio, L., Crespo, M., Larrousse, M., . . . Ribera, E. (2012). Body composition changes after switching from protease inhibitors to raltegravir: SPIRAL-LIP substudy. AIDS (London, England), 26(4), 475-481. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834f3507 [doi]
189. Martinez, E., D'Albuquerque, P. M., Llibre, J. M., Gutierrez, F., Podzamczer, D., Antela, A., . . . SPIRAL Trial Group. (2012). Changes in cardiovascular biomarkers in HIV-infected patients switching from ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors to raltegravir. AIDS (London, England), 26(18), 2315-2326. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328359f29c [doi]
190. Eron, J. J., Young, B., Cooper, D. A., Youle, M., Dejesus, E., Andrade-Villanueva, J., . . . SWITCHMRK 1 and 2 investigators. (2010). Switch to a raltegravir-based regimen versus continuation of a lopinavir-ritonavir-based regimen in stable HIV-infected patients with suppressed viraemia (SWITCHMRK 1 and 2): Two multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trials. Lancet (London, England), 375(9712), 396-407. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62041-9 [doi]
191. Mills, A. M., Cohen, C., Dejesus, E., Brinson, C., Williams, S., Yale, K. L., . . . Cheng, A. K. (2013). Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens. HIV Clinical Trials, 14(5), 216-223. doi:10.1310/hct1405-216 [doi]
192. Mills, A. M., Cohen, C., Dejesus, E., Brinson, C., Williams, S., Yale, K. L., . . . Cheng, A. K. (2013). Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens. HIV Clinical Trials, 14(5), 216-223. doi:10.1310/hct1405-216 [doi]
193. Arribas Arribas, J. R., Pialoux, G., Gathe, J., Di Perri, G., Reynes, J., Tebas, P., . . . Piontkowsky, D. (2014). Simplification to coformulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus continuation of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor with emtricitabine and tenofovir in adults with virologically suppressed HIV (STRATEGY-PI): 48 week results of a randomised, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet.Infectious Diseases, 14(7), 581-589. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70782-0 [doi]
194. Pozni Pozniak, A., Markowitz, M., Mills, A., Stellbrink, H. J., Antela, A., Domingo, P., . . . Guyer, B. (2014). Switching to coformulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus continuation of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with emtricitabine and tenofovir in virologically suppressed adults with HIV (STRATEGY-NNRTI): 48 week results of a randomised, open-label, phase 3b non-inferiority trial. The Lancet.Infectious Diseases, 14(7), 590-599. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70796-0 [doi]
195. Liverpool HIV and Hepatitis Pharmacology Group. Drug interaction chart.http://www.hiv-druginteractions.org/. Accessed March 25, 2014.
196. AIDS Epidemic Update. UNAIDS/WHO 2005:accessed on March 1 2006.
197. World Health Organization. www.who.int/mip/2003/other?documents/en/causesofdeath.pdf accessed on August 16, 2005.
198. UNAIDS. 2004 report on the global AIDS epidemic. www.unaids.org/bangkok2004/report.html accessed on August 16, 2005.
199. AIDS Epidemic Update. UNAIDS/WHO 2005:accessed on March 1 2006.
200. Sepkowi Sepkowitz, K. A. (2001). AIDS--the first 20 years. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344(23), 1764-1772. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306 [doi]
201. United Nations. www.ohchr.org/english/issues/hiv/document.htm accessed August 16, 2005.
202. United Nations. www.ohchr.org/english/issues/hiv/document.htm accessed August 16, 2005.
203. Ofman, J. J., Badamgarav, E., Henning, J. M., Knight, K., Gano, A. D.,Jr, Levan, R. K., . . . Weingarten, S. R. (2004). Does disease management improve clinical and economic outcomes in patients with chronic diseases? A systematic review. The American Journal of Medicine, 117(3), 182-192.
204. Battaglia, T. C., Mulhall, K. J., Brown, T. E., & Saleh, K. J. (2006). Increased surgical volume is associated with lower THA dislocation rates. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 447, 28-33. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000218743.99741.f0 [doi]
205. Egan, E., Clavarino, A., Burridge, L., Teuwen, M., & White, E. (2002). A randomized control trial of nursing-based case management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lippincott's Case Management : Managing the Process of Patient Care, 7(5), 170-179. doi:00129234-200209000-00002 [pii]
206. Taylor, et al.The Cochrane Library 2005, Issue 3.
207. Choe, H. M., Mitrovich, S., Dubay, D., Hayward, R. A., Krein, S. L., & Vijan, S. (2005). Proactive case management of high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by a clinical pharmacist: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Managed Care, 11(4), 253-260. doi:2830 [pii]
208. Howe, C. J., Jawad, A. F., Tuttle, A. K., Moser, J. T., Preis, C., Buzby, M., & Murphy, K. M. (2005). Education and telephone case management for children with type 1 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 20(2), 83-95. doi:S0882596304002088 [pii]
209. Krein, S. L., Klamerus, M. L., Vijan, S., Lee, J. L., Fitzgerald, J. T., Pawlow, A., . . . Hayward, R. A. (2004). Case management for patients with poorly controlled diabetes: A randomized trial. The American Journal of Medicine, 116(11), 732-739. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.11.028 [doi]
210. Aubert, R. E., Herman, W. H., Waters, J., Moore, W., Sutton, D., Peterson, B. L., . . . Koplan, J. P. (1998). Nurse case management to improve glycemic control in diabetic patients in a health maintenance organization. A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 129(8), 605-612.
211. Katon, W. J., Von Korff, M., Lin, E. H., Simon, G., Ludman, E., Russo, J., . . . Bush, T. (2004). The pathways study: A randomized trial of collaborative care in patients with diabetes and depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(10), 1042-1049. doi:61/10/1042 [pii]
212. Maislos, M., & Weisman, D. (2004). Multidisciplinary approach to patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus: A prospective, randomized study. Acta Diabetologica, 41(2), 44-48. doi:10.1007/s00592-004-0143-1 [doi]
213. Majumdar, S. R., Guirguis, L. M., Toth, E. L., Lewanczuk, R. Z., Lee, T. K., & Johnson, J. A. (2003). Controlled trial of a multifaceted intervention for improving quality of care for rural patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26(11), 3061-3066.
214. Rea, H., McAuley, S., Stewart, A., Lamont, C., Roseman, P., & Didsbury, P. (2004). A chronic disease management programme can reduce days in hospital for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Internal Medicine Journal, 34(11), 608-614. doi:IMJ672 [pii]
215. Glance, L. G., Li, Y., Osler, T. M., Dick, A., & Mukamel, D. B. (2006). Impact of patient volume on the mortality rate of adult intensive care unit patients. Critical Care Medicine, 34(7), 1925-1934. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000226415.93237.84 [doi]
216. Battaglia, T. C., Mulhall, K. J., Brown, T. E., & Saleh, K. J. (2006). Increased surgical volume is associated with lower THA dislocation rates. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 447, 28-33. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000218743.99741.f0 [doi]